Fluid evaporator for an open fluid reservoir

ABSTRACT

A reservoir evaporation system for evaporating fluid from an open reservoir of effluent containing a contaminant includes a fluid evaporator, an air pump, and an air supply conduit functionally connecting the fluid evaporator with the air pump. The fluid evaporator includes a vessel adapted to be positioned in an operative position partially submerged on the top surface of the effluent in the reservoir with a lower chamber submerged in the effluent and an upper chamber extending above the top surface of the effluent. In operation, air from the air pump mixes with the effluent inside the fluid evaporator and subsequently is discharged through exhaust openings. A fluid discharge pipe can also simultaneously discharge aerated effluent back down into the reservoir. Fluid is thereby separated from the effluent in the lower chamber by evaporation in a controlled manner that minimizes spread of contaminants to surrounding environments by wind.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Disclosure

The present invention relates to devices and methods for evaporatingfluids from an open fluid reservoir, which in some applications may beused to accelerate the rate of concentration of suspended solids thereinwith or without the feature of promoting or maintaining aerobicconditions within the open fluid reservoir.

2. Background Art

Water and other fluids often accumulate various contaminants, and it isoften desirable or necessary to separate the fluid from the contaminantto meet various purity targets or reduce the volume of liquid within anopen reservoir, which may be necessary for practical, legal, or otherreasons. Such contaminants may include, for example, salts, sulfur,heavy metals, suspended soils, human or animal waste, oils, fertilizers,pharmaceuticals, acid and any other undesirable matter as would beapparent to a person of skill in the art. The sources for contaminatedfluids, also called effluent, are many, such as acid mine runoff,petrochemical processing fluids, agricultural runoff, municipal wastewater and storm water runoff, and industrial process effluent, to namejust a few examples. Frequently, the fluid to be treated is water,although clearly other fluids may need to have contaminants separatedtherefrom. For the purposes of this application, however, the exactfluid, contaminant, and source of contaminant is not particularlyrelevant, and so the terms water and contaminant will be usedgenerically to include any fluid and matter, respectively, that onewould desire to treat or purify, unless otherwise clearly indicated.

Outdoor open fluid reservoirs, such as retention ponds, aerationreservoirs, dry ponds, open-topped tanks, and the like, are often usedto temporarily store effluent that contains undesirable levels ofcontaminants until the effluent can be treated to separate thecontaminant from the water. After separation, the cleaned water can bereleased to the environment or otherwise used as desired, and thecontaminant and/or concentrated effluent can be further processed,recycled, transported to an appropriate landfill, or otherwise disposedof.

When the contaminant is not a volatile substance, one commonly usedmethod of separating the contaminant from the water is to evaporate thewater from the effluent, thereby releasing clean water into theatmosphere in the gaseous state in the form of vapor while thecontaminant is retained and/or re-captured in the reservoir. Dependingon the circulation of effluent into the reservoir, after some period oftime the water is either completely evaporated, thereby leaving thecontaminants remaining in the reservoir for easy collection anddisposal, or the concentration of contaminant is elevated to a point,such as saturation, where it becomes economically advantageous tofurther process and/or separate the highly concentrated effluent inother ways.

Although the water evaporates naturally at the surface of a pond orother outdoor reservoir, it is often desirable to increase the rate ofevaporation to decrease the processing time of the effluent in order toincrease economic efficiencies. Thus, it is common to place a reservoirevaporator system directly in the reservoir that effectively acceleratesevaporation of the water to the surrounding environment by, for example,increasing the surface area to volume ratio of the effluent to thesurrounding air. There are many ways to accomplish this, and of course,the efficacy of this evaporative treatment method is highly dependent onmany variables other than the evaporator system, including flow rate ofeffluent into or through the reservoir, humidity levels of thesurrounding environment, the fluid to be evaporated, and temperature, toname a few.

One known type of reservoir evaporator system uses nozzles to spray afine mist of droplets of the effluent up into the air above the topsurface of the reservoir. Under ideal conditions, the water in thedroplets evaporates into the surrounding atmosphere more quickly thanfrom the top surface because of the increased surface area to volumeratio, and the contaminants and any un-evaporated droplets fall backinto the reservoir. An exemplary reservoir evaporation system generallyincorporating this design is disclosed in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2010/0139871 to Rasmussen et al. A problem with thesemisting-types of reservoir evaporation systems, however, is that undernon-ideal conditions the contaminates and un-evaporated droplets may beborne by winds away from the reservoir and settle out at nearby areasrather than in the reservoir. This could lead to unwanted deposition ofthe contaminates in surrounding areas, such as residential or otherbuilt-up areas, or uncontrolled release of the contaminates intosurrounding environments, all of which are forms of multi-mediapollution. Additionally, such systems frequently require a supply ofhigh pressure to force the effluent through a nozzle and adequatelyaerosolize the effluent into the surrounding air.

Another known type of reservoir evaporator system floats on the topsurface of the reservoir and includes a spinning agitator for scoopingeffluent from the top surface and sprinkling it into the air. Theagitator is connected to a source of high pressure air that spins theagitator by means of thrust nozzles, and the exhaust from the thrustnozzles may be directed to further impact the effluent sprinkled intothe air to further accelerate evaporation. An exemplary reservoirevaporation generally incorporating this design is disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 4,001,077 to Kemper. In addition to the potential of causingmulti-media pollution, another drawback to these systems is the need touse moving parts, which can frequently break or become jammed throughbuildup of scale from the contaminants.

Additionally, the inclusion of a high pressure air or liquid supply ineach of these reservoir evaporator systems can increase complexity,cost, and maintenance requirements.

A further known type of reservoir evaporator system that dispenses withthe use of high pressure air exposes evaporation surfaces that have beenwetted with the effluent to the air and wind. One exemplary reservoirevaporation system generally incorporating this design is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 7,166,188 to Kadem et al. These designs, while overcomingthe problem of drift to surrounding areas, may often require extensivemaintenance to keep the evaporation surfaces free of contaminant buildupand often require complex mechanical and/or effluent transfer systemsfor dispersing the effluent onto the evaporation surfaces.

In view of this existing state of the art, the inventors of the presentapplication have developed a reservoir evaporation system that overcomesin various aspects many of the drawbacks associated with the currentsystems.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, a fluid evaporator for evaporating fluid froman open fluid reservoir includes a partially enclosed vessel having anupper chamber and a lower chamber. The vessel is arranged to beoperatively positioned in the fluid reservoir with the upper chamberdisposed above a top surface of the fluid and the lower chamber disposedin the fluid. The vessel has a first opening through a lower portion ofthe lower chamber, and a gas supply tube extends into the lower chamberand has an air outlet disposed between the opening through the lowerportion of the lower chamber and an upper portion of the lower chamber.An exhaust opening through the upper chamber is in fluid communicationwith the air outlet. The fluid evaporator also has a discharge conduitthat has an inlet in fluid communication with the lower chamber and anoutlet disposed below the lower chamber, wherein the inlet is separatedfrom the lower portion of the chamber by a weir. When operativelypositioned in the fluid reservoir, fluid from the fluid reservoir canenter into the lower chamber through the first opening, the air outletis positioned to inject air into the fluid underneath the top surface,the air injected from the air outlet can exhaust out of the upperchamber through the exhaust opening, and the inlet is located below thetop surface of the fluid.

A fluid evaporator according to another aspect includes a vessel havingan upper chamber and a lower chamber, wherein the lower chamber isdefined by an annular wall having an open bottom end and an upper endseparated from and in fluid communication with the upper chamber, and anexhaust outlet through the upper chamber. A gas supply tube extends intothe lower chamber and has an outlet operatively disposed between thebottom end of the annular wall and the upper end, wherein the gas supplytube and the annular wall define an annular space therebetween. Thefluid evaporator further includes a fluid outlet pipe having an inletand a discharge outlet. The inlet is in fluid communication with thelower chamber and disposed between the exhaust outlet and the bottom endof the lower chamber, and the fluid outlet pipe extends away from theinlet along the lower chamber.

According to a further aspect, a fluid evaporator for evaporating fluidfrom an open fluid reservoir includes a partially enclosed vessel havingan upper chamber and a lower chamber, a flotation means with the vessel,a first opening through a lower portion of the lower chamber, a gassupply tube extending into the lower chamber and having an air outletdisposed between the opening through the lower portion of the lowerchamber and an upper portion of the lower chamber, and an exhaustopening through the upper chamber and in fluid communication with theair outlet. The flotation means is located to cause the chamber to floatoperatively positioned on the top surface of the fluid in the fluidreservoir with the upper chamber disposed above the top surface of thefluid and the bottom chamber disposed in the fluid. When operativelypositioned in the fluid reservoir, fluid from the fluid reservoir canenter into the lower chamber through the first opening, the air outletis positioned to inject air into the fluid underneath the top surface,and the air injected from the air outlet can exhaust out of the upperchamber through the exhaust opening.

According to yet another aspect, a fluid evaporator includes a vesselhaving an upper chamber and a lower chamber, wherein the lower chamberis defined by an annular wall having an open bottom end and an upper endin fluid communication with the upper chamber, an exhaust outlet throughthe upper chamber. A gas supply tube extends into the lower chamber andhas an outlet operatively disposed between the bottom end of the annularwall and the upper end, wherein the gas inlet tube and the annular walldefine an annular space therebetween. A flotation device is associatedwith the vessel. The flotation device is arranged to cause the vessel tofloat in a pool of liquid with the bottom end of the annular walldisposed beneath a top surface of the pool and the upper chamberprojecting upwardly from the top surface of the pool.

According to yet a further aspect, a reservoir evaporation system forevaporating fluid from an open reservoir of effluent containing a fluidand a contaminant includes a fluid evaporator, an air pump, and an airsupply conduit functionally connecting the fluid evaporator with the airpump. The fluid evaporator includes a vessel with an upper chamber and alower chamber, wherein the vessel is adapted to float in an operativeposition partially submerged on a top surface of the effluent in thereservoir with the lower chamber submerged in the effluent and the upperchamber extending above the top surface of the effluent. The vesselfurther includes a first opening into a lower portion of the lowerchamber to allow the effluent to enter the chamber, and an exhaustopening into the upper chamber disposed to be above the top surface ofthe effluent and in communication with the lower chamber. The air supplyconduit has an outlet arranged to discharge forced air into the lowerportion of the chamber. When the fluid evaporator is in the operativeposition, air from the air pump can be injected into effluent in thelower chamber and subsequently travel through the upper chamber to bedischarged from the vessel through the exhaust opening. By thisarrangement fluid from the effluent in the lower chamber can beseparated from the contaminant by evaporation.

A method of evaporating fluid from an open reservoir of fluid having atop surface according to an additional aspect includes the step offloating a fluid evaporator comprising a vessel at the top surface ofthe fluid in a partially submerged state. A bottom end of the vessel issubmerged in the fluid and a top end of the vessel is disposed above thetop surface of the fluid. A first opening through a lower portion of thevessel allows the fluid to enter the vessel, and an exhaust openingthrough a covered upper portion of the vessel disposed above the topsurface of the fluid is in communication with the lower portion of thevessel. The method further includes the steps of forcing air into thefluid in the lower portion of the vessel through an outlet of an airsupply conduit with the outlet disposed below the top surface of thefluid, aerating the fluid inside the lower portion of the vessel withthe air, and discharging the air after aerating through the coveredupper portion of the chamber to the exhaust opening. In this processfluid in the lower portion of the chamber is evaporated in thedischarged air.

In still another aspect, a fluid evaporator includes a vessel arrangedto float at the surface of a body of water with an upper chamberdisposed above the water and a lower chamber disposed in the water, agas supply tube having an outlet operatively disposed in the lowerchamber, a gas flow path from the lower chamber to the upper chamber,and an exhaust outlet from the upper chamber. A bustle is operativelydisposed between the gas flow path and the exhaust outlet and arrangedto provide substantially uniform mass flow of gases at allcircumferential locations around the bustle from a region inside thebustle radially outwardly to a region outside of the bustle to theexhaust outlet.

These and other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent in view ofthe following detailed description, claims, and the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a reservoir evaporation system includinga fluid evaporator of the disclosure in an retention pond;

FIG. 2 is a detailed cross-sectional view of the fluid evaporator alongthe line A-A of FIG. 3;

FIG. 3 is a detailed top plan view of the fluid evaporator;

FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic view of a connection between an engineexhaust and a blown air supply line from an air pump in the reservoirevaporation system;

FIG. 5 is a detailed cross-sectional view of another fluid evaporatorfor use in the reservoir evaporation system;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a reservoir evaporation system accordingto another aspect including multiple fluid evaporators connected forsimultaneous operation in an open holding tank;

FIG. 7 is a side view of a fluid evaporator showing further optionalaspects; and

FIG. 8 is a top view of the fluid evaporator of FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a reservoir evaporation system10 being used for evaporating liquid from an open reservoir of effluent12 according to one aspect. As exemplified in FIG. 1, the reservoir maybe an outdoor body of fluid, such as a pond, lake, retention pond, ordry pond. The reservoir, however, is not limited to any particular typeof reservoir, and could include holding tanks, settling vessels, etc.Rather, the evaporation systems 10 disclosed herein may be used with anybody of open water or other type of fluid. In one anticipated use, thereservoir may be a collection pond for effluent 12 including acid minerunoff. For simplicity, the following detailed description refers toeffluent, but it is understood that the principles described herein maybe used for evaporating uncontaminated fluids in the same manner and thedisclosure is not to be limited to only use with contaminated fluids.

The reservoir evaporation system 10 includes a fluid evaporator 14, anair pump 16, and an air supply conduit 18 operatively connecting thefluid evaporator and the air pump. The fluid evaporator 14, which inthis example may also be called a pond concentrator, is designed toincrease the rate of evaporation of fluid from the effluent 12 byforcing air into effluent within the confines of the fluid evaporatorand allowing controlled release of moist exhaust air containing watervapor after mixing with the effluent to reduce, control, and/oreliminate dispersion of entrained effluent with the exhaust air into thesurrounding atmosphere. This separates the fluid in the effluent, suchas water, from the contaminants by evaporating the fluid to thesurrounding environment with the moist exhaust air while leavingcontaminants, such as sulfur, salts, and suspended solids, in theeffluent. Preferably, air from the air pump 16 is intimately mixed witheffluent 12 inside the fluid evaporator, and the moist exhaust airtravels through an enclosed exhaust pathway through the fluid evaporator14 from the surface of the effluent to an exhaust port. As the exhaustair travels along the exhaust pathway, entrained effluent droplets orcontaminants are removed from the exhaust air by contacting andcollecting on the walls of the exhaust pathway and demister structures,such as baffles, screens, and/or other collection structures. Thus, theexhaust pathway preferably follows a tortuous path through the fluidevaporator between the top surface 20 of the effluent inside the fluidevaporator to the exhaust port to increase contact of the exhaust airwith collection surfaces and demister structures before the exhaust airescapes from the fluid evaporator.

To accomplish this controlled evaporation and separation, the fluidevaporator 14 is operatively positioned in the reservoir such that it ispartially submerged in the effluent 12. The operative position ispreferably such that a top end of the fluid evaporator is disposed abovethe top surface 20 of the effluent 12 and a bottom end or portion of thefluid evaporator is submerged in the effluent. It should be noted thatall directional descriptors, such as up, down, top, bottom, left, right,etc., are used herein for convenience of description in view of theoperative positions illustrated in the drawings and are not intended aslimitations on the scope of the disclosure. In a preferred arrangement,the fluid evaporator 14 has a body defining a partially enclosed vessel22 that floats or is otherwise maintained in a position in the reservoirsuch that the top surface of the effluent is located between an upperchamber 24 of the vessel and a lower chamber 26 of the vessel. Anopening 28 through a submerged portion of the fluid evaporator 14 allowseffluent to enter into the lower chamber 26, and the lower chamber isseparated from and in fluid communication with the upper chamber 24,which projects above the top surface 20 of the effluent 12. The upperchamber 24 at least partly defines the exhaust path from the top surface20 of the effluent to one or more exhaust ports 30 located above the topsurface 20 of the effluent 12 to the surrounding environment. The airsupply conduit 18 has a discharge outlet 32 disposed inside the lowerchamber arranged to be located below the top surface 20 of the effluent12. The discharge outlet 32 includes an open end 32 a of the conduit 18at the lower end of the conduit and a plurality of sparge ports 32 b,preferably in the form of vertical slots spaced around the conduit,spaced above the open lower end 32 a. Thus, in the operative position,the air pump 16 can force air through the air supply conduit 18 andentrain the air in the effluent while contained inside the lower chamber26, where the air can mix vigorously with the effluent inside the lowerchamber 26, thereby allowing fluid from the effluent to evaporate morerapidly with the entrained air. In a preferred arrangement, all of theair enters the lower chamber 26 through the sparge ports 32 b and theopen end 32 a is extended below the level of the sparge ports 32 b sothat the air does not flow through the open end 32 a at the bottom ofthe air supply conduit 18. However, the open end 32 b prevents build upof nuisance debris over time and acts as a pressure relief valve shouldthe slots through which the air enters the lower chamber were to becomeplugged, such as with scale. Further, the column of water beneath thesparge ports 32 b in some arrangements may also serve as a fluid“spring” to suppress possible pulsation of air flow into the lowerchamber 26 and thereby promote symmetry of airflow through the fluidevaporator 14, thus promoting smooth operating characteristics. The airthen can move naturally to the top surface 20 of the effluent and bereleased as moist exhaust air. The moist exhaust air then can travelthrough the exhaust pathway in the upper chamber 24 and out of the fluidevaporator 14 through the exhaust ports 30, while concentrated effluentand contaminants will be trapped within the fluid evaporator. In thismanner, the fluid can be evaporated and separated out from thecontaminants without allowing uncontrolled dispersion of the effluentinto the surrounding environment.

In a further optional arrangement, the fluid evaporator 14 includes afluid discharge conduit 34 through which aerated effluent from the lowerchamber 26 can be discharged downwardly into the reservoir, therebyaerating the reservoir simultaneously while evaporating the fluid. Onearrangement includes two discharge tubes 34 a, 34 b on opposite sides ofthe fluid evaporator that merge into a single discharge riser 34 c belowthe vessel 22. The discharge riser 34 c extends downwardly toward thebottom of the reservoir. This arrangement allows the fluid evaporator 14to oxygenate the effluent in the reservoir from the bottom up as opposedto from the top down as accomplished by common aeration devices thatspray water upwardly into the atmosphere and simply allow the aeratedspray to return to the surface of the pond. This also provides asignificant advantage over common aerators by providing a better way topromote aerobic digestion and/or provide oxygen to aquatic plants andanimals while preventing anaerobic bacterial action from producingundesirable reduced compounds, such as sulfides, ammonia, and methane.

The fluid evaporator 14 may be maintained in the operative position atthe top surface of the effluent by any convenient mechanism, such assupport legs, a suspension structure, or floatation by, for example,displacement of water by captive air. Preferably, the fluid evaporator14 floats on the top surface of the effluent 12 by means of a suitableflotation mechanism. This can be particularly advantageous when, forexample, the reservoir is not continually replenished and the level ofthe effluent 12 drops or rises significantly. By floating on the topsurface, the fluid evaporator 14 can move up and down with the level ofthe effluent 12 and thereby remain in the operative position over alarge range of depths of the reservoir. In other applications where thelevel of the reservoir will remain relatively constant, support meanssuch as legs, support brackets, or suspension mechanisms, may be equallysufficient to maintain the fluid evaporator 14 in its operativeposition.

In a preferred operative arrangement, one end of the air supply conduit18 is connected to the air pump 16 and the opposite of the air supplyconduit end is connected to the fluid evaporator 14, whereby the airpump can force air through the air supply conduit into the fluidevaporator. The air pump 16 may be any device that is operative to forceair or other gasses to the fluid evaporator, such as a fan or other typeof air blower. Other possible air pumps could include positivedisplacement pumps, air compressors, and/or other known gas pumps.

The air pump 16 can be located anywhere capable of being operativelyconnected with the fluid evaporator 14. As shown in FIG. 1, the air pump16 is located remote from the fluid evaporator 14 in a fixed position onthe bank 36 of the reservoir and is connected with the fluid evaporatorby a tube, such as a pipe or flexible hose. Preferably, the air supplyconduit 18 is a floating flexible delivery tube. This arrangement allowseasy access to the air pump 16 for connection to electrical power,operation, and maintenance, while simultaneously providing flexibilityfor placement of the fluid evaporator 14 in the reservoir. Of course,the air pump 16 need not be located on the edge of the reservoir, butalternatively may be located at a fixed position inside the reservoir,such as on a platform, or may be disposed on a movable platform for easeof adjustment.

Power may be supplied to the air pump 16 by any suitable means as wouldbe apparent to a person of skill in the art. For example, the air pump16 may include an electric motor that is connected with a commonalternating current electric supply by appropriate wiring. The electricmotor also may be powered by photovoltaic cells. Another contemplatedarrangement is to drive the air pump 16 with an internal combustionengine having a power take off, belt, chain, or other drive transferarrangement known in the art operatively connected for driving the airpump.

Another possible configuration is to place the air pump 16 directly onor to be otherwise carried by the fluid evaporator 14. In thisconfiguration, the air pump 16 may include a power and drive mechanismthat is associated directly therewith, such as photovoltaic panels andcircuitry and/or a diesel generator or engine unit, to provide power tothe air pump. Further, the air supply conduit 18 in such an arrangementmay be much shorter and simply extend from a fan, for example, to anoutlet disposed in a preferred operative location inside the fluidevaporator 14 without extending across the effluent.

When adapted to float at the surface of the effluent, the fluidevaporator 14 optionally may be maintained in a selected position orarea of the reservoir with one or more anchors 38. The anchors 38 mayhave any form suitable to maintain the fluid evaporator 14 in a selectedposition. One preferred anchoring system as shown in the drawingsincludes weights, such as concrete blocks or common boat anchors thatare tethered to the fluid evaporator 14 and rest on the bottom of thereservoir. Other anchoring systems, however, could also be used as wouldbe apparent to a person of skill in the art.

One or more solar thermal energy collectors 40 optionally may beconnected with the fluid evaporator 14 to provide additional heat forincreasing the rate of evaporation of fluid from the effluent 12. Thesolar thermal energy collectors 40 may be any device suitable forcollecting solar thermal energy and concentrating the collected thermalenergy to provide increased heat, such as solar hot water or gas panels,parabolic collectors, flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors,and/or other solar thermal energy collectors as would be apparent to aperson of skill in the art. The solar thermal energy collectors 40 maybe used to directly heat the body of the fluid evaporator 14, todirectly heat the effluent in the fluid evaporator, and/or to heat theair supply that is forced into the fluid evaporator. In one arrangement,a solar thermal energy collector 40 is carried by and warms the body ofthe fluid evaporator 14. In this arrangement, the elevated temperatureof the fluid evaporator 14 warms the air and effluent in contacttherewith and thereby increases the rate of evaporation of fluid fromthe effluent. In another arrangement, a solar thermal energy collector40 is located to warm the air supply upstream from the fluid evaporator14. In this arrangement, the solar thermal energy collector 40 may, forexample, include a solar air heat collector connected with the airsupply conduit 18 and/or the air pump 16 to heat the air supply.

In addition or alternatively to using a solar thermal energy collector40, the air supply conduit 18 and/or the fluid evaporator 14 optionallymay be coated with an energy absorbent coating that further collectssolar energy to warm the system. For example, it may be advantageous topaint portions of the fluid evaporator 14 and the air supply conduit 18that are exposed to direct sunlight in the operative position with adark coating, such as black paint, to absorb further solar thermalenergy. Other solar energy absorptive coatings may also or alternativelybe used as would be apparent to a person of skill in the art.

Turning now to FIGS. 2 and 3, detailed views of the fluid evaporator 14according to one preferred design are shown. According to thisarrangement, the vessel 22 also has a middle chamber 42, connected to abottom end of the top chamber 24 and connected to a top end of the lowerchamber 26. The lower chamber 26 is in fluid communication with themiddle chamber 42, and the middle chamber 42 is in fluid communicationwith the upper chamber 24, whereby fluid, such as air or water vapor,may pass from the lower chamber to the middle chamber to the upperchamber along an exhaust path as shown by arrows A in FIG. 2. The upper,middle, and lower chambers 24, 42, 26 are stacked sequentially on top ofeach other and are coaxially aligned with an air supply downcomer 44that is attached to the air supply tube from the air pump 16. Such axialalignment is not necessary for the functioning of the fluid evaporator,however, and is described only as one preferred arrangement. Further,the air supply downcomer 44 and the air supply tube together define anoperative portion of the air supply conduit 18 in an operative position.

Preferably, the vessel 22 is wider at the top than at the bottom. In onearrangement, the lower chamber 26 has a first width, the middle chamber42 has a second width larger than the first width, and the upper chamber24 has a third width larger than the second width. When the chambershave circular footprints, as depicted in the drawings, the widths may beequal to the respective diameters of the chambers. In other formfactors, however, such as rectangular, polygonal, or elliptical, thewidths refer to other width measurements across the footprints of thechambers. Although the successively larger widths of the lower, middle,and upper chambers 26, 42, 24 is not necessary for the fluid evaporator14 to function, increasing the widths and cross-sectional footprintareas of the chambers from bottom to top along the exhaust path A canimprove at least separation of effluent and contaminants from theexhaust air as compared with a vessel having a constant width. Thesuccessively larger widths also allow for more stable flotation of thefluid evaporator 14 where captive air within upper chamber 24 and middlechamber 42 is used to provide buoyancy while the pond evaporator 14 isoperating.

The lower chamber 26 is formed by a first annular wall 26 a that forms aweir with an open bottom end. The first annular wall 26 a preferably isin the form of a circular tubular section; however, the annular wall 26a may have any desired shape that will encompass an annular spacebetween the air supply downcomer 44 and an inner annular surface of thefirst annular wall 26 a for defining an aeration mixing chamber. Themiddle chamber 42 is formed by a second annular wall 42 a in the form ofa circular tubular section with a larger diameter than the first annularwall 26 a. The upper chamber 24 is formed by a third annular wall 24 ain the form of a circular tubular section with a larger diameter thanthe second annular wall 42 a. The chambers 24, 26, 42 need not becircular, however, and could take any other shape sufficient to providethe functions of the fluid evaporator 14 discussed herein as would beapparent to a person of skill in the art.

A first horizontal baffle 46 is disposed across the bottom end of thesecond annular wall 42 a and separates the lower chamber 26 from themiddle chamber 42. The first horizontal baffle 46 has an opening 48 thatpreferably matches the size and shape of the top of the first annularwall 26 a, which in the present embodiment is circular, to provide forfluid communication between the lower chamber 26 and the middle chamber42. Thus, the opening 48 acts as an extension of the lower chamber 26through the horizontal baffle 46 so that aerated effluent 12 passingupwardly within the annular space between the downcomer 44 and the firstannular wall 26 a overflows radially outwardly over the first horizontalbaffle 46 to provide smooth radial flow and allow air and evaporatedmoisture to separate cleanly from the effluent 12. The first horizontalbaffle 46 also forms a first annular shoulder extending between thebottom end of the second annular wall 42 a and the top end of the firstannular wall 26 a.

A second horizontal baffle 50 is disposed across the bottom end of thethird annular wall 24 a and separates the upper chamber 24 from themiddle chamber 42. The second baffle 50 has at least one second opening52 therethrough to provide for fluid communication from the middlechamber 42 to the upper chamber 24. A preferred arrangement includes aplurality of second openings 52 through the second horizontal baffle 50,each opening arranged to provide fluid communication from the middlechamber 42 to the upper chamber 24. As best seen in FIG. 3, one possiblearrangement includes twelve circular apertures 52 through the secondhorizontal baffle 50 in a regular radial array surrounding the airsupply downcomer 44 and radially aligned with the first opening 48. Thesecond horizontal baffle 50 also forms a second annular shoulderextending between the bottom end of the third annular wall 24 a and thetop end of the second annular wall 42 a.

The upper chamber 24 is covered with a top plate 54. The air supplydowncomer 44 extends through apertures through the center of the topplate 54 and the first and second horizontal baffles 46, 50. The upperchamber 24 thereby forms a plenum 56 around the downcomer 44 in theupper chamber 24 at the top of the fluid evaporator 14 that can serveboth as a part of the exhaust pathway A and as a flotation means to helpthe fluid evaporator float on the top surface 20 of the reservoir.

At least one exhaust port 30 through an outer wall of the upper chamber24 allows exhaust air to escape from inside the upper chamber to thesurrounding environment. The exhaust port 30 may be directed downwardly,radially outwardly, and/or upwardly from the upper chamber. In onepreferred arrangement, as best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, twenty circularexhaust ports 30 are directed through the second horizontal baffle 50toward the lower chamber 26 between the third annular wall 24 a and thesecond annular wall 42 a. In this arrangement, the exhaust ports 30 aredirected downwardly when the fluid evaporator 14 is in the operativeposition and direct the exhaust air downwardly against the top surface20 of the effluent 12 in the reservoir. This can further ensure that anyremaining droplets of effluent or other contaminants carried by themoist exhaust air impinge on the top surface of 20 of the effluent 12 inthe reservoir allowing a significant proportion of the droplets coalescewith the effluent 12 and remain captured in reservoir 12, therebypreventing uncontrolled drift of effluent or contaminants to surroundingareas by the wind. In another contemplated arrangement, the exhaustports 30 optionally include one or more horizontally directed openingsthrough the third annular wall 24 a.

Demisting structures preferably are incorporated in and/or across theexhaust path through the upper chamber. In the depicted example, firstand second vertical baffles 58, 60, in the form of vertical annularwalls, extend partially between the second baffle 50 and the top plate54 and are spaced apart radially outwardly from the second openings 52.The second vertical baffle 60 effectively forms an upward extension fromthe top end of the second annular wall 42 a and extends part way up fromthe second horizontal baffle 50 to the top plate 54, thereby forming anopening between the top of the baffle and the top plate. The firstvertical baffle 58 extends downwardly from the top plate 54 part way tothe second horizontal baffle 50, thereby forming another opening betweenthe bottom of the first vertical baffle 58 and the second horizontalbaffle 50. With the two openings vertically displaced from each other,the first and second vertical baffles 58, 60 cause the exhaust path A tohave a tortuous route from the second openings 52 to the exhaust ports30 and thereby act as demister devices. A third baffle 61 in the form ahorizontal circular flat plate ring is affixed to the outer diameter ofthe downcomer tube 44 inside the upper chamber 24. The baffle 61 isspaced beneath the top plate 54 and spaced within several inches abovethe second horizontal baffle 50. Preferably, the baffle 61 extendsradially to the radial extent of the second openings 52 between themiddle and upper chambers. The baffle 61 is preferably arranged toprovide additional tortuous flow path to help mitigate carryover ofliquid droplets into the air exhaust pathway. Of course, any number ofarrangements of baffles, tortuous pathways, screens and/or other devicesthat can act to collect fluids and contaminants carried by the exhaustair can be used as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill inthe art.

The air supply downcomer 44, when functionally connected with the airpump 16, defines an end of the portion of the air supply conduit 18.Preferably, the downcomer 44 is disposed within the confines of thelower chamber 26 so that the open end 32 a of the discharge outlet 32 isdisposed below the top surface 20 of the effluent 12 and spacedvertically between the open bottom end 28 of the first annular wall 26 aand the top end of the lower chamber 26 when the fluid evaporator 14 isin the operative position. Preferably, each of the slits forming thesparge ports 32 b is identical, positioned above the open end 32 a, andsymmetrically spaced from each other around the circumference of thewall of downcomer 44 to aid in dispersing air uniformly into theeffluent 12 within the annular space 26 when the fluid evaporator 14 isin the operable position.

The fluid evaporator 14 optionally includes means for causing the vesselto float at the top surface of the reservoir. One flotation means mayinclude the plenum 56 in the upper chamber 24 as described previously.Another flotation means includes one or more buoyant flotation devices62 that are attached to the vessel or other portions of the fluidevaporator. The buoyant flotation devices may be foam structures,enclosed air bladders, hollow fully enclosed air tanks, wood blocks, orother buoyant structures suitable to cause the fluid evaporator to floatin the operative position. In a preferred arrangement, the flotationmeans causes the vessel 22 to float in the operative position with thetop level 20 of the effluent extending between the upper and lowerchambers 24, 26, and more preferably through a middle elevation of themiddle chamber 42. Thus, one possible arrangement of the flotationdevices 62 may include foam blocks or rings attached to the exterior ofthe vessel 22, for example on the outside of the second annular wall 42a. Of course, the exact location of the flotation devices 62 will varydepending on the type of flotation device, weight of the fluidevaporator 14, type of effluent 12, and so on. Preferably the flotationdevices 62 are attached to the vessel or other portions of the fluidevaporator so as to be adjustable up and down in the vertical plane toallow adjustment of operable height of the fluid evaporator 14, which isespecially desirable to accommodate variances in the specific gravity ofeffluent 12.

The fluid evaporator 14 optionally also includes the fluid dischargeconduit 34 in the form of one or more discharge pipes, shown in FIG. 2as two discharge pipes 34 a, 34 b extending downwardly from the middlechamber 42 that merge into the single vertical riser pipe 34 c spacedbelow the bottom of the annular wall 26 a. One end of the fluiddischarge conduit forms inlets 64 in fluid communication with the lowerchamber 26, and the other end of the fluid discharge conduit is directeddownwardly into the reservoir. Preferably, the one end of each dischargepipe 34 a, 34 b extends through the first horizontal baffle 46 in thefirst annular shoulder and the inlet 64 is disposed below the topsurface 20 of the effluent 12 in the operative position. The ends of thedischarge pipes 34 a, 34 b may be flush with the first baffle 46 or mayextend upwardly into the middle chamber 42 as long as the inlet 64 intothe discharge pipe is below the top surface 20 of the effluent in theoperative position. The discharge pipes 34 a, 34 b are preferablydisposed on diametrically opposite outer radial sides of the lowerchamber 26, extend downwardly adjacent the exterior of the lowerchamber, and merge at a junction into the single discharge riser 34 c. Asmall air vent tube 34 d that is oriented vertically upward is placedalong the non-vertical section of discharge pipes 34 a and 34 b in orderto vent air that might be carried as bubbles within effluent flowingthrough discharge pipes 34 a and 34 b into discharge pipe 34 c toprevent any such air bubble from coalescing into a pool of buoyant airthat could cause vapor lock that hinders effluent flow. The vent tube 34d is preferably located at the junction of the discharge pipes 34 a and34 b. In this arrangement, the anchors 38 may be connected to dischargeriser 34 c and/or the discharge riser may be attached directly to aretention structure to maintain the fluid evaporator 14 in a desiredoperative position in the reservoir.

In use, the air pump 16 forces air through the air supply conduit 18 viathe downcomer 44 into effluent in the lower chamber 26 of the fluidevaporator 14 when operatively positioned at the top surface 20 of thereservoir. Preferably, the fluid evaporator 14 is operatively positionedby floating on the top surface 20 of the reservoir and anchoring thedischarge riser 34 c to the bottom of the reservoir with the anchors 38.The air is discharged through the sparge ports 32 b creating a region oflow density fluid confined within annular space 26 and beneath the topsurface 20 of effluent 12 in the reservoir, which causes an upwelling ofeffluent 12 into the annular space 26 forming a two-phase mixture of airand effluent 12 that is thoroughly mixed as the heavy density liquideffluent 12 phase overruns the highly immiscible low density gaseousphase creating turbulence and resultant shearing forces that break thegas phase into small bubbles. Small bubbles created in this processcreate greatly expanded interfacial surface area between the continuousliquid effluent 12 phase and the discontinuous gas phase and therebypromote rapid heat and mass transfer between the phases including watervapor transfer to the gas phase and transfer of components of the airstream including oxygen to the effluent 12. The air and effluent mixturethen rises rapidly upward through the first opening 48 in the firstbaffle 46 and rises to a level above the top surface 20 of the effluentin the reservoir due to momentum gained by the upwelling of liquid into,and combined turbulent flow of air and effluent 12 mixture through,chamber 26 and into middle chamber 24. Once released from the confinesof chamber 26, shear forces between effluent 12 and air are greatlyreduced causing rapid separation of effluent 12 and air under the forceof gravity. Under the influence of gravity effluent 12 flows radiallyoutward towards the third annular wall 23 a and downwards toward the topsurface 20 of the effluent in the reservoir. As the aerated effluentspreads horizontally, moist exhaust air escapes upwardly from the topsurface of effluent within chamber 26 that has now been elevated abovethe top surface 20 of effluent 12 within the reservoir and travelsthrough the second openings 52 and along the exhaust pathway A to theexhaust ports 30. As previously described, effluent droplets andcontaminants carried by the exhaust air are separated from the exhaustair by the surfaces of the exhaust pathway A and the various baffles 50,58, 60, and 61 before the exhaust air is discharged through the exhaustports 30. Simultaneously, as the level of effluent within the middlechamber 42 rises above the operable condition level of effluent 20,gravity forces effluent to flow from the middle chamber 42 downwardlythrough the discharge pipes 34 a, 34 b and the discharge riser 34 c backinto the reservoir. If the system includes one or more of the solarthermal energy collectors 40, the vessel 22 may be heated and/or the airmay be heated upstream from the fluid evaporator 14 by the solar thermalenergy collectors to improve the rate of evaporation of fluid in thevessel.

Functionally separating the inlets 64 of the discharge pipes 34 a, 34 bfrom the annular space where aeration occurs within the weir formed bythe first annular wall 26 a provides distinct advantages. Thisarrangement provides a confined space for high turbulence mixing of theair and effluent within the lower chamber 26, thus increasing thesurface-to-volume ratio of air-water interface to increase the rate ofevaporation. Simultaneously, this arrangement provides increased surfacearea at the top of the aerated effluent within chamber 26 that has beenelevated above the top surface 20 of the effluent 12 in the reservoirfor separation of the exhaust air from the effluent as the aeratedeffluent travels horizontally over the weir and radially outwardlybefore the aerated effluent is discharged back into the reservoirthrough the discharge pipes 34 a, 34 b.

In one preferred exemplary arrangement, the fluid evaporator 14 isfabricated almost entirely from plastics such as high densitypolyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and other suitable plastic assembliesand tube sections. The upper chamber 24 is approximately five feet (1.5m) in diameter and the vessel 22 is approximately six feet (1.8 m) tall.Each of the openings 52 through the second baffle 52 is four inches (10cm) in diameter, each exhaust port 30 is three inches (7.5 cm) indiameter, and each discharge pipe 34 a, 34 b is six inches (15 cm) indiameter. Of course, the fluid evaporator 14 may have other dimensionsand be formed of any materials suitable for functioning in the mannerdescribed herein.

According to another option, the air forced through the air supplyconduit 18 is heated with exhaust heat from an internal combustionengine 70, such as a diesel or gas powered engine that either directlydrives the air pump 16 or that drives an electrical generator thatdrives an electric motor that drives the air pump 16. In onecontemplated arrangement, the exhaust heat is injected into the airsupply conduit 18 immediately downstream of the air pump 16. Preferably,an exhaust duct 72 functionally connects exhaust from the engine 70 tothe air supply conduit 18 at a junction fitting 74 adapted to rapidlymix the hot exhaust with the air from the air pump 16 and cool theexhaust to a temperature that will not be harmful to the material of theair supply conduit 18. This is particularly important where the airsupply conduit is formed of materials that do not resist hightemperatures well, such as PVC or other plastics. A preferred fitting 74is an eductor as shown in FIG. 4. In this arrangement, the eductor 74has an inlet section 76 connected directly to or in-line very close tothe air pump 16, a T-connection section 78 connected to the exhaust duct72 and an outlet section 80 connected to the air supply conduit 18 thatsupplies the fluid evaporator 14. A nozzle 82, such as a frusto-conicalsection, is disposed inside the inlet section 76. The nozzle 82 has anoutlet of reduced diameter in the general vicinity of the T-connectionsection 78 that increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of theair coming from the air pump 16. The decreased static pressure of theair exiting the nozzle 82 helps draws the exhaust from the exhaust duct72. Downstream of the T-connection section 78, a venturi 84 formedinside the outlet section 80 further increases the velocity and mixingof the mixture of air and heated exhaust, thereby quickly lowering thetemperature of the heated exhaust to a temperature that will not beharmful to the downstream portions of the air supply conduit 18. Forexample, it is contemplated that heated exhaust from a diesel powerunit, which may enter the fitting 74 at a temperature of over 600degrees Fahrenheit may leave the fitting 74 at a temperatures below themelting temperature of common PVC, or approximately 180 degreesFahrenheit. Thus, only the exhaust duct 72 and the fitting 74 would needto be made of high temperature resistant material, such as steel,stainless steel, ceramic, etc., while the remaining portions of thereservoir evaporation system 10 are made of lower cost, lowertemperature resistant materials, such as PVC. This option is especiallyvaluable at locations where the effluent to be evaporated 12 is held inan open pond located within or close to a natural gas or oil field andwell head hydrocarbons can be used as the fuel source for the internalcombustion engine. Combining the heated exhaust gases from the engine 70may provide even more versatility for use of the fluid evaporator 14 indifferent environments by reducing efficiency variations caused byvariations in the surrounding atmosphere, such as increased humidity ordecreased temperature. Alternately, hot exhaust gas may also be drawninto the air stream on the suction side of the blower as turbulencewithin the blower 16 housing causes rapid mixing of the hot exhaust gasand ambient air with the desirable effect of rapidly approaching asuitable equilibrium temperature for the mixed gas stream mixture toflow through the air supply conduit 18.

Turning now to FIG. 5, an alternative design for an evaporator 14′ isshown in which the evaporator is adapted for use in a multi-stage systemthat uses the evaporator 14′ as an intermediate in-line unit and theevaporator 14 as a terminal unit in a system including a plurality ofevaporators 14 and 14′ connected in series. The evaporator 14′ issubstantially similar to the evaporator 14 with the exception that, inthe top chamber 24, the evaporator 14′ has a single exhaust port 30′ forconnection to another transfer conduit and a single bustle 90 ratherthan the plurality of exhaust ports 30 and the baffles 58 and 60. Inthis arrangement, the vessel 22, the downcomer 44, and the gas flowpaths A are arranged symmetrically about a vertical axis Z, and theexhaust port 30′ is non-symmetrically arranged about the vertical axis,such as at a single location on only one side of the top chamber 24. Allother portions of the evaporator 14′ are preferably the same as thecorresponding portions on the evaporator 14 and will not be describedagain for the sake of brevity. The bustle 90 is operatively disposedbetween the array of second openings 52 and the exhaust port 30′ toprovide uniform radial mass flow of air at all circumferential locationsaround the bustle from a region inside the bustle 90 radially outwardlyto a region outside of the bustle 90 to the exhaust port 30′. Thus, thebustle 90 preferably is arranged to allow a non-symmetrically locatedexhaust port 30′ to draw off air from inside the top chamber 24 in amanner designed to maintain symmetrical flow of air upwardly from thesparge ports 32 b and through the lower and middle chambers 26 and 42.In the depicted arrangement, the bustle 90 is formed of acircumferential wall 92 extending upwardly from the baffle 50 part wayto the top plate 54. The cylindrical wall 92 is spaced radially inwardlyfrom the third annular wall 24 a and radially outwardly from the arrayof second openings 52, thereby forming an inner volume 24 b encompassedby the bustle 90 and an outer peripheral volume 24 c surrounding thebustle. The circumferential wall 92 preferably defines a gap, such as aslot 93, having a continuously variable width W defined, for example,between the top of the circumferential wall and the top plate 54. In onearrangement, the gap has a smallest width W (i.e., the cylindrical wallis tallest) immediately adjacent the location of the exhaust port 30′and the gap has a largest width W diametrically opposite the location ofthe exhaust port 30′ as shown in FIG. 5. Thus, in one example, thecircumferential wall 92 is cylindrical, and the top edge of thecircumferential wall 92 defines an inclined plane with its highest pointadjacent the exhaust port 30′ and its lowest point diametricallyopposite from the exhaust port 30′. Preferably, each of the gap betweenthe cylindrical wall 92 and the top plate 54, the downcomer 44, and theexhaust port 30′ defines the same cross-sectional flow area. Of course,other bustle designs capable of providing or improving uniform radialmass flow of the air outwardly from the inner volume 24 b are alsopossible, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,035, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The exhaust port 30′is optionally connected to a conduit 94 that is operatively connected toanother instrument, such as another evaporator 14 or 14′ as described inmore detail hereinafter. The exhaust port 30′ may alternatively exhaustto air or be connected to some other device.

Turning now to FIG. 6, another operative arrangement of a reservoirevaporation system 100 is shown in which a plurality of the fluidevaporators 14 a-d and 14′ are operatively disposed in a fluid reservoirconsisting of an open top holding tank, such as a waste water treatmentsettlement tank. In this example, each fluid evaporator 14 a-d isfunctionally identical to the fluid evaporator 14. In this arrangement,the air pump 16 is located at the edge of the tank remote to each of thefluid evaporators 14 a-d and 14′, and each fluid evaporator isfunctionally connected to the air pump by means of one or more airsupply conduits 18 or 94. The fluid evaporators 14 a-d and 14′ may beconnected in series and/or in parallel. For example, the fluidevaporators 14′ and 14 a are connected in series by the air supplyconduits 18 a and 94. In this arrangement, the fluid evaporator 14′defines an in-line unit and the evaporator 14 a defines a terminal unit,wherein the exhaust gas from the exhaust port 30′ of the evaporator 14′is directed into the downcomer 44 of the evaporator 14 a to be used asinput gas in the evaporator 14 a. This arrangement forms a multi-stageevaporation system by using the exhaust from a first evaporator as theinput gas into a second evaporator. This arrangement may be extended forany number of interconnected in-line and terminal unit evaporators 14and 14′ in series and in parallel. The fluid evaporators 14′ and 14 bare connected in parallel by the air supply conduits 18 a and 18 b, thefluid evaporator 14 b is connected in series with each of fluidevaporators 14 c and 14 d, which are, in turn, connected with each otherin parallel. These various arrangements exemplify a significant benefitof the present reservoir evaporation system. The system may be easilyadapted and modified to provide maximum evaporation to reservoirs ofdifferent shapes and sizes by simply connecting more of the fluidevaporators 14 and/or 14′ in various spatial configurations to a singleair pump or to multiple air pumps. Thus, the reservoir evaporationsystems of the present disclosure provide a large degree of flexibilityfor adapting to many different locations and needs.

Turning now to FIGS. 7 and 8, a further design of a fluid evaporator 14″is substantially similar to the fluid evaporators 14 and/or 14′, butwith the addition of a stabilization system 110, additional dischargetubes 34 c, 34 d, and dimensional changes described hereafter. Like thepreviously described fluid evaporators 14 and 14′, the fluid evaporator14″ also includes a partially enclosed vessel 22 having a middle chamber42 disposed between an upper chamber 24 and a lower chamber 26, an airsupply downcomer 44 arranged for connection to an air supply conduit 18for injecting air into the lower chamber 26, and internal baffles (notshown) arranged to provide a tortuous path from the middle chamber 42 toexhaust outlets through the outer wall or walls of the upper chamber 24.Preferably, each of the upper, middle, and lower chambers 24, 42, 26,has a circular, or annular periphery, and is coaxially aligned along alongitudinal centerline axis Z. Also preferably, the air supplydowncomer 44 extends through the top plate 54 downwardly along thelongitudinal axis Z and has an open end with sparge ports (not shown)arranged to inject air from the air supply conduit 18 into the lowerchamber 26. The arrangement of internal baffles in some arrangements isthe same as described with respect to either fluid evaporator 14 or 14′or may have other similar arrangements capable of providing one or moreof the same functionalities as described herein. The discharge tubes 34a-d are preferably radially spaced equally from the axis Z and equallyspaced angularly along the outer periphery, such as one discharge tubein each quadrant around the axis Z, and preferably spaced at 90° oncenter around the outer periphery. Further, the outer annular peripheryof the lower chamber 26 is spaced radially inwardly from the dischargetubes 34 a-d rather than being located immediately adjacent thedischarge tubes as shown for the fluid evaporators 14 and 14′.Preferably, remaining features of the partially enclosed vessel 22 insome arrangements are identical to corresponding features in either ofthe fluid evaporators 14 or 14′ and can be understood with reference tothe prior descriptions thereof. The fluid evaporator 14″ may also beused in the reservoir evaporation system 100 in combination with oralternatively to the fluid evaporators 14 and 14′.

The stabilization system 110 is provided on the fluid evaporator 14″ tohelp stabilize the fluid evaporator 14″ in the upright position, i.e.,with the axis Z aligned generally vertically, the lower chamber 26disposed in the water, and the top plate 54 disposed above the water, onthe top surface of the water during operation, i.e., while air is beingforced through the air supply downcomer 44 into the lower chamber 26.The stabilization system 110 includes one or more floatation devices 112operatively secured to the vessel 22 by, for example, one or moreoutriggers 114. Preferably, the position of the floatation devices 112may be adjusted axially and/or radially to, for example, cause thevessel 22 to sit higher or lower in the water. In the depictedarrangement, the stabilization system 110 includes two flotation devices112, each having the form of an elongate enclosed hollow tube, such as a7′ long by 6″ diameter PVC pipe with enclosed ends, disposeddiametrically opposite each other on opposite sides of the vessel 22.Each flotation device 112 is spaced radially from the outer annularperiphery of the vessel and sized to provide sufficient buoyancy to holdthe upper chamber 24 spaced above the top surface of the water inselected arrangements. In one arrangement, each flotation device 112 hasa length that is longer than the diameter of the upper chamber 24, butother size devices may also be adequate. The flotation devices 112 areconnected to two outriggers 114, which are shown in the form of twostruts 114 a and 114 b, such as metal tubes, bars, or angle irons,arranged in parallel on opposite sides of the downcomer 44, andconnected to the top plate 54 by welds or fasteners, for example. Eachstrut 114 a, 114 b extends outwardly from opposite sides of the outerannular periphery of the upper chamber 24, and each flotation device 112is attached to the struts, for example with fasteners 116 such as boltsor cables near the end of the strut. Each strut 114 a, 114 b preferablyincludes a hinge 118 a, 118 b, 118 c, 118 d spaced from the outerannular periphery of the upper chamber 24 and arranged to allow theflotation devices 112 to be selectively raised and/or lowered bypivoting the ends of the struts 114 a and 114 b around the respectivehinges. The flotation devices 112 are preferably disposed spaced alongan axis X defined by the air supply conduit 18 over the top plate 54approaching the downcomer 44, such as may defined by a horizontalportion 44 a of an elbow connector that connects the air supply conduit18 to the downcomer 44. Further, each flotation device 112 is preferablyaxially aligned substantially perpendicular to the axis X in a generallyhorizontal plane perpendicular to the axis Z. In one arrangement, theaxis X is substantially perpendicular to and extends through the axis Z.In this arrangement, the flotation devices 112 may be particularly wellarranged to counteract rotational forces that act to tip the vessel 22off of substantially vertical alignment in response to air being forcedthrough the air supply conduit 118 and into the downcomer 44.Preferably, the ends of the struts 114 a, 114 b are arranged to belocked in any one of multiple or infinite selected angular orientationsby a lock, such as a bolt, pin, and/or clamp, to releasably lock theflotation devices at a selected height along the axis Z. Thus, theheight of the flotation devices 112 may be easily adjusted to maintainthe fluid evaporator 14″ at a desired vertical position at the topsurface of the water, such as to maintain the exhaust ports 30approximately 1″-2″ (2.5 cm-5 cm) above the top surface of the water,and thereby compensate, for example, for fluids having differentdensities and/or other variations, such as changes in weight loads. Thestabilization system 110 is not limited to the particular arrangementdepicted in the drawings, and may take other forms capable ofcounteracting tipping forces and/or providing for adjustable depthcontrol, for example with a complete or partial ring-shaped flotationdevice surrounding the vessel 22 that may be moved up and/or down alongthe axis Z and radially in and/or out from the outer annular peripheryof the upper chamber 24. The stabilization system 110 is not limited touse with only the fluid evaporator 14″ and may be used with other fluidevaporators according to the principles of the present disclosure. Insome arrangements, the stabilization system 110 is combined with thefluid evaporators 14 and 14′ in a manner consistent with the presentdisclosure.

The fluid evaporators 14, 14′, and 14″, and the reservoir evaporationsystems 10, 100 may be manufactured in any suitable manner apparent to aperson of ordinary skill. In preferred arrangements, components of thefluid evaporators are formed of HDPE, PVC and/or metal and connectedwith fasteners, welds, and/or adhesives, for example. However, the fluidevaporators 14, 14′, and 14″ are not limited to any particular materialor construction technique.

The reservoir evaporation systems 10, 100 and the fluid evaporators 14,14′, and 14″ as disclosed herein are particularly advantageous for usein arid climates, wherein the air injected into the fluid evaporator isvery dry and more readily evaporates the fluid from the effluent.Further, the fluid evaporator 14 of the present disclosure provide anearly maintenance-free design because there are no moving parts in thefluid evaporator that may need to be repaired or regularly cleaned andthe turbulent flow paths within the chambers provide scouring andcleaning effects when the pond evaporator is operating. The design isfurther simplified by having all or most of the moving parts confined tothe air pump 16 and any power supply drive means for the air pump, whichcan be easily accessed when located at the side of the reservoir.Because the fluid evaporator 14 is a single-pass system and highturbulence is maintained within the internal passages of the vessel 22,buildup of scale on the various parts and the frequency at which theparts would need to be cleaned is minimized. By eliminating highpressure pneumatic lines and/or high pressure water lines, a minimum ofinstrumentation is required as compared to systems that utilize highpressure lines.

Fluid evaporators, aerators, and mixers in accordance with any one ormore of the principles disclosed herein in some arrangements may beapplied to any combination of these unit operations within, for example,ponds or tanks, for purposes such as reducing the volume of water orwastewater through evaporation, humidifying gases and gas mixtures suchas air, dissolving air in water to prevent water or wastewater fromturning septic, providing air and oxygen to support aquaculture or toreduce chemical oxygen demand, and/or mixing desirable materials withwater or wastewater. For example, fluid evaporators and systems of thepresent disclosure are in some arrangements useful for simple aerationof ponds to prevent anaerobic effects, oxygenation of fish and shellfish farm ponds, aeration and evaporation of livestock wastewater ponds,evaporation of ponds used for oil and gas field waters, aeration ofponds at golf courses, and aeration and/or evaporation of many othertypes of fluid reservoirs.

1-33. (canceled)
 34. A reservoir evaporation system for evaporatingfluid from an open reservoir of effluent containing a fluid and acontaminant, the system comprising: a fluid evaporator comprising avessel with an upper chamber and a lower chamber, the vessel adapted tofloat in an operative position partially submerged on the top surface ofthe effluent in the reservoir with the lower chamber submerged in theeffluent and the upper chamber extending above a top surface of theeffluent, a first opening into a lower portion of the lower chamber toallow the effluent to enter the chamber, and an exhaust opening into theupper chamber disposed to be above the top surface of the effluent andin communication with the lower chamber; an air pump; and an air supplyconduit functionally connecting the fluid evaporator with the air pump,the air supply conduit having an outlet arranged to discharge forced airinto the lower portion of the chamber; wherein when the fluid evaporatoris in the operative position, air from the air pump can be injected intothe effluent in the lower chamber and subsequently travel through theupper chamber to be discharged from the vessel through the exhaustopening, whereby fluid from the effluent in the lower chamber can beseparated from the contaminant by evaporation.
 35. The system of claim34, the fluid evaporator further comprising a water discharge conduitextending downwardly from the vessel, the water discharge conduit havinga first end located in the vessel laterally adjacent the lower chamberand separated by a weir from the lower chamber, the weir located toallow fluid to flow thereover from the lower chamber to the first end,wherein when in the operative position aerated effluent can flow fromthe lower chamber into the water discharge conduit over the weir, andthrough the water discharge conduit to a discharge opening in the fluidreservoir below the top surface of the contaminated fluid, wherebyaerated effluent from the lower chamber can be discharged into thereservoir below the top surface.
 36. The system of claim 34, wherein aflotation device is secured to the vessel and arranged to cause thevessel to float in the operative position.
 37. The system of claim 34,wherein the exhaust opening directs discharged air downwardly from theupper chamber toward the top surface of the effluent when in theoperative position.
 38. The system of claim 34, wherein the air pumpcomprises a fan.
 39. The system of claim 34, wherein the air pump isremote from the fluid evaporator.
 40. The system of claim 39, whereinthe air supply conduit comprises a tube connected to the air pump andthe fluid evaporator, wherein the tube is made of low temperatureresistant material, and further comprising an internal combustion enginearranged to power the air pump, wherein heated exhaust gases from theinternal combustion engine are combined with air from the air pump at ajunction fitting adapted to rapidly mix the heated exhaust gases withthe air from the air pump and cool the exhaust gases to a temperaturethat will not be harmful to the material of the tube.
 41. The system ofclaim 39, further comprising a second fluid evaporator functionallyidentical to the first recited fluid evaporator, the second fluidevaporator functionally connected with the air pump by a second airsupply conduit.
 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the first fluidevaporator and the second fluid evaporator are connected in series withthe air pump.
 43. The system of claim 41, wherein the first fluidevaporator and the second fluid evaporator are connected in parallelwith the air pump.
 44. The system of claim 34, further comprising asolar energy collector adapted to heat the vessel and/or a solar thermalenergy collector arranged to heat air in the air supply conduit upstreamfrom the fluid evaporator.
 45. The system of claim 34, furthercomprising a second fluid evaporator connected in series with the firstfluid evaporator by a second conduit, wherein exhaust gas from the firstfluid evaporator is used as input gas into the second fluid evaporator.46. The system of claim 34, further comprising: an electric motorarranged to drive the air pump; electrical generator arranged to powerthe electric motor, and an engine arranged to drive the electricalgenerator, wherein waste heat from exhaust from the engine is mixed intothe forced air supplied to the pond evaporator.
 47. A method ofevaporating fluid from an open reservoir of fluid having a top surface,the method comprising the steps: floating a fluid evaporator at the topsurface of the fluid in a partially submerged state, the fluidevaporator comprising a vessel, a bottom end of the vessel submerged inthe fluid and a top end of the vessel disposed above the top surface ofthe fluid, a first opening through a lower portion of the vessel toallow the fluid to enter the vessel and an exhaust opening through acovered upper portion of the vessel disposed above the top surface ofthe fluid and in communication with the lower portion of the vessel;forcing air into the fluid in the lower portion of the vessel through anoutlet of an air supply conduit, the outlet disposed below the topsurface of the fluid; aerating the fluid with the air inside the lowerportion of the vessel; and discharging the air after aerating throughthe covered upper portion of the chamber to the exhaust opening, wherebyfluid in the lower portion of the chamber is evaporated in thedischarged air.
 48. The method of claim 47, further comprising the stepof simultaneously discharging aerated fluid from the fluid evaporatorthrough a fluid discharge conduit downwardly into the reservoir.
 49. Themethod of claim 48, further comprising the step of anchoring the fluidevaporator to the bottom of the reservoir with the fluid dischargeconduit.
 50. The method of claim 47, further comprising the step ofheating the vessel with a solar energy collector.
 51. The method ofclaim 47, further comprising the step of heating the air upstream of thefluid evaporator.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the step ofheating includes adding exhaust heat from an internal combustion engineto the air.
 53. The method of claim 47, wherein an air pump is locatedremote from the fluid evaporator, and the air is forced through the airsupply conduit from the blower
 54. The method of claim 53, furthercomprising the steps of: floating a second said fluid evaporator on thetop surface of the fluid in a partially submerged state; and forcing airwith the air pump through a second air supply conduit into effluent inthe lower portion of the vessel of the second fluid evaporator.
 55. Afluid evaporator comprising: a vessel arranged to float at the surfaceof a body of water with an upper chamber disposed above the water and alower chamber disposed in the water; a gas supply tube having an outletoperatively disposed in the lower chamber; a gas flow path from thelower chamber to the upper chamber; an exhaust outlet from the upperchamber; and a bustle operatively disposed between the gas flow path andthe exhaust outlet and arranged to provide substantially uniform radialmass flow of gases at all circumferential locations around the bustlefrom a region inside the bustle radially outwardly to a region outsideof the bustle to the exhaust outlet.
 56. The fluid evaporator of claim55, wherein the vessel, the gas supply tube, and the gas flow path arearranged symmetrically about a vertical axis, and the exhaust outlet isnon-symmetrically arranged about the vertical axis.
 57. The fluidevaporator of claim 56, wherein the bustle comprises a circumferentialwall in the top chamber defining a gap with a continuously variablewidth.
 58. The fluid evaporator of claim 57, wherein the width issmallest at a location adjacent the exhaust outlet and largest at alocation diametrically opposite the exhaust outlet.